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J.Health Sci., 54(1), 1-16, 2008
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Pharmacological Interventions to Prevent Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction: Future Directions
Pitchai Balakumar,*, a Rajeshkumar U. Koladiya,b
Subbiah Ramasamy,c Andiappan Rathinavel,d
and Manjeet Singha
aCardiovascular Pharmacology Division, I.S.F. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142 001 Punjab, India,
bDepartment of Pharmaceutical Science and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, Punjab, India,
cDepartment of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625 021, Tamilnadu, India, and
dDepartment of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Madurai Medical College and Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai-525 021, Tamilnadu, India
Endothelium forms an innermost lining of blood vessel and it regulates the vascular tone and permeability. A healthy vascular endothelium is antiatherogenic in nature because of its properties such as inhibition of platelet aggregation, adhesion cascades, smooth muscle cell proliferation and leukocyte adhesion. Vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) is associated with reduced synthesis and release of nitric oxide, proinflammatory and prothrombotic properties followed by diminished vasodilation. VED has been implicated in the pathogenesis of artherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, renal failure and stroke. Various pharmacological interventions such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, statins, insulin sensitizers, L-arginine as well as agents that target endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) “coupling” such as folates or tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) have been noted to improve the function of vascular endothelium. In this review, we discussed various recently developed pharmacological interventions to improve the function of endothelium. Moreover, the novel targets sites involved in the pathogenesis of vascular endothelial dysfunction have been delineated.
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